So, it needs to be refueled. Near your pelvis, your aorta branches into two arteries that supply blood to your lower body and legs. During gas exchange oxygen moves from the lungs to the bloodstream. Peripheral artery disease (PAD), peripheral vascular disease (PVD), or peripheral vascular occlusive disease (PVOD) is a common condition where there is a buildup of fatty deposits (plaque) on the walls of the arteries causing them to narrow. Veins then carry the blood back to your heart, and the process begins again. Source: flickr.com. For example, nearly half of all adults in the U.S. have high blood pressure. Sexual arousal is mediated by parasympathetic fibers, while sympathetic portion provides sensation of pleasure during orgasm. If you develop any symptoms of vein problems, even if they seem small, call your provider. . Popular Today. Your veins then carry your blood back to your heart where it can refuel. From various parts of the body to the heart. The radial artery is one of two major blood vessels that supply blood to the forearm and hand. The 12 pairs of the cranial nerves originate from the brain. The capillaries connect the two types of. Lumbar, renal, gonadal, suprarenal, phrenic, Neurovasculature of the shoulder and arm (diagram) - Yousun Koh, Head and neck arteries (diagram)- Paul Kim, Arteries, veins and nerves of the trunk (diagram) - Yousun Koh, Arteries, veins and nerves of the arm (diagram) -Yousun Koh, Arteries, veins and nerves of the lower limb (diagram) -Liene Znotina, Veins and arteries of the head (diagram) -Yousun Koh, Major nerves of the body (diagram) -Begoa Rodriguez. An artery (plural arteries) (from Greek (artr) 'windpipe, artery') is a blood vessel in humans and most animals that takes blood away from the heart to one or more parts of the body (tissues, lungs, brain etc.). The artery ends within the parotid gland by dividing into the superficial temporal artery and the . Venous return that drains the anterior side of the leg; unites with the popliteal vein. Common problem: Peripheral arterial disease. Peripheral artery disease is a condition in which extremities (usually the legs) do not receive sufficient blood flow due to the narrowing of or blocks in arteries. The other vessels fuel the rest of the body. Tunica intima -- innermost layer 2. Dural venous sinus thrombosis is when a blood clot affects the dural venous sinuses, which drain blood from your brain. Kadian-Dodov D, Olin JW. Risk factors for heart disease include: Angina, The left and right phrenic arteries supply the diaphragm, and come off the aorta. are just a few symptoms that may indicate a heart attack. Reading time: 19 minutes. 103.110.84.201 Three major arteries, which carry blood to the head and upper limbs, originate from the aortic arch: the brachiocephalic artery, the left common carotid artery, and the left subclavian artery (figure 13.7b). Venules vary in size, but even the widest venule is about 16 times smaller than your typical vein. Arteries begin with the aorta, the large artery leaving the heart. Your circulatory system keeps moving so you can keep moving. Read on to discover more about the bodys network of arteries. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. The foot is supplied by branches of the medial and lateral plantar nerves, both of which originate from the tibial nerve. shortness of breath, and sweating The blood supplies them with the oxygen and nutrients they need to function. Arteries are components of the cardiovascular system. Introduction to Diagnosis of Heart and Blood Vessel Disorders. The parasympathetic fibers end within ganglia scattered over the abdomen, close to the abdominal organs. In general, its a good idea to talk to your doctor if you experience: Your healthcare provider may use a variety of tests to diagnose problems in your blood vessels, including: Treatment for blood vessel disorders may include: There are a variety of ways you can improve the health of your blood vessels, including: Seek immediate medical attention if you experience: Blood vessels carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body. The largest artery in the bodyArises from the left ventricle of the heartCarries oxygenated blood to all parts of the bodyIs divided into 4 parts:Ascending aortaArch of aortaDescending thoracic aortaDescending abdominal aorta 2143 Ascending Aorta If you think you might have problems with your veins, call your healthcare provider right away to discuss your symptoms. Get the facts about heart rates. The largest artery in the body, which connects directly to the, It begins the systemic division of the arterial system, which includes all the arteries that deliver blood to all the tissues in the body other than the, The external carotid artery (supplies head, face and neck), Theinternal carotid artery (further divides into the arteries that supply the brain, The axillary artery (supplies the armpit), The brachial artery (supplies the shoulder and forearm), The radial artery (supplies the elbow structures and hand), The ulnar artery (supplies the hand and arm), The thoracic aorta (supplies muscles of the chest wall and to the spinal cord), The abdominal aorta (supplies mainly the abdominal structures and organs), The hypogastric artery (the pelvic walls, organs of abdomen, external genitalia, buttock and medial part of the thigh), The external iliac artery (divides into arteries of lower extremities and supplies the leg area), The femoral artery (supplies the anterior thigh area), The popliteal artery (supplies the hamstrings, sole and calve muscles), The anterior tibial artery (supplies part of calf and foot), The arteria dorsalis pedis (supplies the foot), The posterior tibial artery (posterior leg and foot). Each type of blood vessel serves a different function: There are blood vessels throughout your body. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Major arteries, veins and nerves of the body, Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Blood from the scalp and face drain into the veins that accompany the arteries of the. A vein that is the largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from bodily parts below the diaphragm. Originates at the bend of the elbow (cubital fossa) by the converging of the Radial and Ulnar veins, and terminates by emptying into the inferior end of the Axillary vein, Blue vein that arches on the palm of the hand. It is a network of nerves formed by the anterior rami of cervicalspinal nerves C1-C5. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. great saphenous vein. Learn causes, symptoms, and treatment options. Circulatory System. Quiz Type. You can feel your pulse in an artery, such as the carotid artery in the neck or the radial artery in the wrist. For hands: Use disposable rubber gloves. The lumbar plexus is formed by the anterior rami of L1-L4, giving rise to six nerves that innervate parts of the abdominopelvic region and the lower limb: the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, genitofemoral, lateral femoral cutaneous, obturator and femoral nerves. On a map, what is the height above sea level of a point on Earth's surface called? The popliteal vein continues as the femoral vein, which drains the thigh. accompanies the deep femoral artery, receiving perforating veins from the lateral and posterior aspects of the thigh. Some other parts of the nervous system are under involuntary control, such as heart rate and breathing. McGraw Hill; 2017. Arteries carry blood away from the heart in two distinct pathways: Arteries can also be divided into elastic and muscular arteries based off of the material of their tunica media or middle layer. Carotid artery disease can be treated by following recommended lifestyle changes, taking prescription medications, and considering a procedure to improve blood flow, if your doctor believes it could help. These valves are especially important in your legs, where they help blood move up toward your heart. Once your blood comes back to your heart, its finished with the systemic circuit. To help understand how these circuits work, you might think of a racetrack. Practice good foot hygiene to prevent infection. Trace them out on your body. Heart disease prevention includes controlling risk factors like diet, exercise, and stress. Take the Sudden Cardiac Arrest Quiz. Register now Damaged or narrowed arteries can lead to the body not getting an adequate blood supply, which can put you at risk for things such as heart attack or stroke. Arteries are the blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood to the body's tissues. The walls of arteries are three distinct layers: Arteries come in a variety of sizes. Hurst's The Heart, 14e. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. In arteries blood flows rapidly at a high In veins pressure. Each venule receives blood from multiple capillaries. The main parts of the circulatory system are the heart, the blood, vessels, and the blood. How does blood flow through your body? It runs down through your chest, diaphragm and abdomen, branching off in many areas. Please include what you were doing when this page came up and the Cloudflare Ray ID found at the bottom of this page. The first two predominantly supply the shoulder and the arm, while the radial, median, and ulnar nerves mainly supply the forearm and the hand. Each vein is made of three layers of tissues and fibers: Veins and arteries share this general structure. But thats just a trick that our eyes play on us. The largest artery in the body is the aorta, which connects to the heart's left ventricle and branches into a network of smaller arteries. Your superficial veins are generally smaller than your deep veins. They form a closed loop, like a circuit, that begins and ends at your heart. MedTerms medical dictionary is the medical terminology for MedicineNet.com. Tucker WD, et al. Veins of the trunk converge from the thorax, abdomen, and pelvis towards the heart. You may wonder why, but theres more than 30 of our organs packed in there, and they all need innervation. Aneurysm. Blood Vessels Of The Body 1911 The Vessels Of The Systemic Circulation Transport Blood To All Body. Major veins of the body Author: Scott A. Sheffield MS Last update: Oct 25th, 2022 Learn anatomy faster and remember everything you learn Start Now The major veins of the body are the main blood vessels that carry blood from the body back to the heart. The leg is supplied by the tibial nerve and the common fibular (peroneal) nerve and its branches (superficial and deep). Blood is transported in arteries, veins and capillaries. The aorta is the largest artery in the human body. The nervous system can also be divided by function. Thats why its important to do whatever you can to keep your blood flowing smoothly, lap after lap. A vein that is the second largest vein in the human body and returns blood to the right atrium of the heart from the upper half of the body. This incredible system allows the blood in your feet and lower legs to defy gravity and make its way back up to your heart. The aorta branches into arteries of the body that go to different organs and body regions. Large volumes of deoxygenated blood are stored in the veins of the lower limbs as a reservoir for the rest of the body. Veins in your legs fight gravity to push blood up toward your heart. Capillaries 4. Moves oxygen-depleted blood from the heart to the lungs, Sends oxygen-rich blood from the lungs back to the heart, Delivers oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the bodys tissues, Returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart from the bodys tissues, Thin walls with valves to prevent backflow of blood, Carotid artery, subclavian artery, bronchial artery, celiac trunk, superior/inferior mesenteric artery, femoral artery, Jugular vein, subclavian vein, bronchial vein, azygos vein, renal vein, femoral vein, are closer to the heart where blood pressure is highest, contain more elastic fibers, which allows them to both expand and contract with the surges of blood that occur when the heart beats, are further from the heart where blood pressure is lower, contain more smooth muscle tissue and less elastic fibers. Master the major veins of the upper and lower limb with our study materials: The nervous system is a complex network of nerves and neural tissues which generate and transmit commands from the brain and spinal cord to tissues and organs. You can also use moisturizer to prevent your skin from cracking or bleeding. Autonomic innervation for thoracic viscera comes from pulmonary and cardiac plexuses (C1-T1). Temporal artery biopsy (TAB) is a procedure that involves removing a piece of the temporal artery for examination under a microscope. However, veins are different from arteries because they sometimes also contain one-way valves that keep blood flowing in the right direction. Blood is always red both in your veins and arteries. If thrombosis is left untreated, serious and potentially life-threatening complications can result. (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/diagnosis-of-heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/introduction-to-diagnosis-of-heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders), (https://www.cancer.gov/publications/dictionaries/cancer-terms/def/vena-cava), (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470401/). The main vein in your body is the vena cava. The descending aorta is the longest part of the aorta. Because arteries are moving blood being pumped out by the heart, the walls of arteries are thicker and more elastic than those of veins. Note: The walls of both arteries and veins have three layers which are the tunica intima, tunica media, and tunica adventitia. The smallest veins are called venules. First, freshly oxygenated blood leaves your heart and enters your arteries. Avoid sitting or lying down for too long without moving. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event. Circulatory system. Superficial and deep palmar venous arches, Arcus venosus palmaris superficialis et profundus. A venous arch draining the digits and sole of the foot. There are four main blood vessels that take blood into and out of the heart. The blood in your veins is darker because it lacks oxygen. Many vein problems are treatable if caught early. The arteries and veins carry blood all over the body. These are separated into deep and superficial venous systems. In your lungs, your blood refuels with oxygen and then returns to your heart through your pulmonary veins. Arteries are theblood vesselsthat carry blood away from the heart. At a racetrack, the race cars must complete many laps around an entire course (circuit). Last reviewed: November 28, 2022 It is the largest artery found in the leg region, and is . collecting the deoxygenated blood from body tissues via veins, and circulating it to the lungs for oxygenation. At the same time carbon dioxide passes from the blood to the lungs. The main artery is your aorta, which connects to the left side of your heart. Renal artery stenosis can occur in one or both kidneys. The somatic nervous system is the part under voluntary controlfor example contraction of skeletal muscle. Veins are blood vessels in the circulatory system of humans and most other animals that carry blood toward the heart. A buildup of the fatty substance (plaques) can block the blood flow in the carotid arteries entirely or partially, resulting in a stroke. When mapped out in a drawing, your upper body circulatory system resembles the complex wires and circuits inside a computer. It runs all the way from your ankle to your thigh in each leg. Image Quiz. There are many ways to take care of your veins. 20.1: Structure and function of blood vessels. Learn more and consolidate your knowledge abot the main arteries of the head and neck with the Kenhub resources! The latest information about heart & vascular disorders, treatments, tests and prevention from the No. See additional information. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. Heres what one circuit through your body looks like. For this reason, the muscles in your calves are called your second heart.. Deoxygenated blood from the thorax ultimately drains into the superior vena cava (SVC). When we say red, blue, yellowyou might associate it with the flag of the Republic of Armenia. This circuit weaves through your whole body including your arms and legs. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. 14-12) 1. ascending aorta right and left coronary arteries arise as the aorta leaves the heart and carry blood into the coronary circuit. Your blood keeps moving up toward your thighs and beyond. As a result, your organs and tissues continue to receive oxygen and nutrients to function at their best. 984 times. The largest artery in the body is the aorta and it is divided into four parts: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic fibers and the sympathetic trunk provides the sympathetic input for those plexuses. eds. Blood vessels have three layers of tissue: A wide range of problems can affect your blood vessels, including: Some blood vessel disorders are very common. It can be life-threatening. LETTER C They are the smallest vessels where the nutrients and oxygen are exchanged with tissues. accompanying vein of axillary artery,located medial & superficial to axillary artery, Originates by the union of the Anterior Tibial Vein. Large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta that supplies the liver, stomach, and spleen. Full Body Veins. The anterior thigh is supplied by the femoral nerve and its cutaneous branch, the saphenous nerve. Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products to pass through, to and from the tissue cells. They provide sensory, motor, and autonomic innervation to almost all the structures of the head. They further divide into arterioles and capillaries. (2019). Heres how blood flows through your body: The function of blood vessels is to deliver blood to the organs and tissues in your body. Cleveland Clinic is a non-profit academic medical center. 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44195 |, Important Updates + Notice of Vendor Data Event, (https://www.merckmanuals.com/home/heart-and-blood-vessel-disorders/biology-of-the-heart-and-blood-vessels/biology-of-the-blood-vessels). Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. While arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, veins carry oxygen-poor blood. Reviewer: Each (left and right)of these is a branch of the inferior phrenic artery on that side of the body. Sympathetic sources for them are the superior hypogastric plexus, while the parasympathetic are the pelvic splanchnic nerves. Deoxygenated blood from the brain, head, and neck ultimately drain into one of the three jugular veins: external, internal, or anterior. Blood vessels have a tube-like shape, but they rarely run in a straight line. It is considered a rare form of stroke and requires immediate medical attention at, Jugular vein thrombosis happens when a blood clot restricts blood flow in one of the jugular veins. It carries blood from your head, neck, arms and chest back to your heart. Veins have two main purposes. These two veins drain the superficial structures of the forearm, while the deep structures are drained by the radial and ulnar veins. Coming to a Cleveland Clinic location?Hillcrest Cancer Center check-in changesCole Eye entrance closingVisitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Notice of Intelligent Business Solutions data eventLearn more. See additional information. If you trace an artery to a kidney, it's the renal . Neck: External jugular The external jugular vein of the neck. R gonad to inferior vena cava, L gonad to L renal vein, veins paired with intercostal arteries; drain into the azygous and internal thoracic veins, Removes deoxygenated blood from the kidneys (Letter D), Venous return that drains the back of the leg. The arteries are the blood vessels that deliver oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the tissues of the body. If you sit for much of the day, be sure to get up and walk around for a couple of minutes every hour. Because of their vital function, its important to keep arteries healthy. The blood vessels in the circulatory system have three tunics or layers - tunica externa . Are blood vessels all over body? Accessed 6/19/2022. Compression therapy is actually one of the oldest treatments for chronic venous insufficiency its been used for over 2000 years. Your pulmonary veins are an exception to this rule. Major Arteries of the Body - YouTube 0:00 / 12:10 Major Arteries of the Body The Academy of Anatomy 8.29K subscribers 173K views 7 years ago The Cardiovascular System If this video was. The axillary vein ultimately empties into the subclavian vein, which belongs to the venous system of the superior vena cava. Not. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. 1996-2022 MedicineNet, Inc. All rights reserved. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. After arising from the common carotid artery, it travels up the neck, passing posteriorly to the mandibular neck and anteriorly to the lobule of the ear. Instead, your superficial veins can be found just underneath your skin. These are the systemic circuit and the pulmonary circuit. Picture of the Arteries. Venous Insufficiency. Catching problems early can help avoid serious problems down the road. There are three major types of blood vessels: arteries that carry blood away from the heart, branching into smaller arterioles throughout the body and eventually forming the capillary network. English. Unlike your heart in your chest, your second heart only starts pumping when your legs move. There are 3 main kinds of blood vessels - arteries, veins and capillaries. The different types of arteries include: Various disorders can affect the structure and cross-section of the arteries, causing systemic disorders, such as: The term carotid artery disease refers to the narrowing of the carotid arteries and can also be called carotid stenosis. Once your blood is in your capillaries, it feeds your bodys tissues with oxygen and picks up waste products like carbon dioxide. And on the other hand, veins are high volume. The sympathetic fibers end within prevertebral sympathetic ganglia around the roots of the major branches of the abdominal aorta. Arteries (in red) are the blood vessels that deliver blood to the body. The major thoracic tributaries of the SVC include the: azygos venous system, pulmonary veins, internal thoracic vein and cardiac veins. Together with your heart, arteries and capillaries, your veins work every day to keep your blood moving throughout your body. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5220204/), (https://www.vascularsociety.org.uk/patients/vascular_health/the_circulatory_system.aspx), Visitation, mask requirements and COVID-19 information, Heart, Vascular & Thoracic Institute (Miller Family). Superficial veins are those closer to the surface of the body, and have no corresponding arteries. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. The abdominal walls are supplied by the thoraco-abdominal nerves (T7-T11), subcostal nerve (T12) and the upper three branches of the lumbar plexus (L1-L4), which we have covered in the lower limb section. Explanation: But here are a few tips to make the learning a little easier. In: Fuster V, Harrington RA, Narula J, Eapen ZJ. Capillariesare the blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients and waste occurs between the blood and cells. Your heart then pumps out this oxygen-rich blood so it can begin a new lap on the systemic circuit. The aorta is the largest artery in the body. We do not endorse non-Cleveland Clinic products or services. This is an online quiz called Arteries of the Body. Additionally, arteries will continually branch off into smaller arteries, arterioles and capillaries, forming the vascular bed. Changes in skin color, such as a bluish skin tone. Diagnosis and management of diseases of the peripheral venous system. Deep veins are deeper in the body . major vein of the thigh that receives blood from the deep femoral and great saphenous vein. Treatment. The arteries and veins carry blood all over the . Learn about the side effects and natural. They are the: olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), oculomotor (CN III), trochlear (CN IV), trigeminal (CN V), abducens (CN VI), facial (CN VII), vestibulocochlear (CN VIII), glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), accessory (CN XI), and hypoglossal nerves (CN XII). As you sit, lift your lower legs up, and flex your ankles. This is because veins have a lower level of pressure than arteries. Arteries, veins, and the heart are the main parts of the system. Blood vessels are channels that carry blood throughout your body. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a11951c481c4810 Capillaries have thin walls that allow oxygen, nutrients, carbon dioxide and waste products to pass through, to and from the tissue cells. Your deep veins contain one-way valves that keep your blood moving in the right direction. The largest artery in the body is the aorta and it is divided into four parts: ascending aorta, aortic arch, thoracic aorta, and abdominal aorta. Arteriolesare the smallest arteries, and they connect directly to capillaries to form the capillary bed. Common problems with veins include chronic venous insufficiency, deep vein thrombosis and varicose veins. Veins are blue blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart. It communicates with the basilic vein via the median cubital vein at the elbow and is located in the superficial fascia along the anterolateral surface of the biceps brachii muscle. It brings blood from your legs, feet, abdomen and pelvis back to your heart. jlricha2. Arteries and veins (also called blood vessels) are tubes of muscle that your blood flows through. Take breaks to stretch and walk around to break up long car rides or plane flights. Popliteal vein thrombosis is a form of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) that affects your popliteal vein. The main artery of the lower limb is the femoral artery and its continuationthe popliteal artery. MedTerms online medical dictionary provides quick access to hard-to-spell and often misspelled medical definitions through an extensive alphabetical listing. Arteries carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body. Theres a lot you can do at home to treat and prevent vein problems. Advertising on our site helps support our mission. Blood vessels are often named after either the region of the body through which they carry blood or for nearby structures. Peripheral nerves emerge from the central nervous system. Here are the major arteries in the body. Below are some of the major arteries that are found in the body and the organs and tissues that they service. The aorta The arteries of the head and neck The common carotid artery The external carotid artery The triangles of the neck The internal carotid artery The arteries of the brain The arteries of the upper extremity The subclavian artery The axilla The axillary artery The brachial artery The radial artery You have a complex system of connecting veins and arteries throughout your body. a major artery in the human forearm. This is the local ballooning in the artery caused by. Its main tributaries are the: The hand is drained by the dorsal venous network which gives rise to the basilic and cephalic veins. the upper limb that drains the venous plexus on the palmar surface of the hand. This area contains the three vessels primarily used by the phlebotomist to obtain venous blood specimens: . It carries oxygenated blood away from the left ventricle to the. Get useful, helpful and relevant health + wellness information. While arteries carry oxygen-rich blood, veins carry oxygen-poor blood. Coronary heart disease tests can include electrocardiogram (ECC, EKG), exercise stress test, radionuclide stress test, stress echocardiography, pharmacologic stress test, CT coronary angiogram, and coronary angiogram. Let's look at the causes, symptoms, treatment options, and more for this especially rare type of blood clot. Peripheral artery disease is also likely to be a sign of more widespread accumulation of fat deposits in the arteries (atherosclerosis or plaque). Medical advice, diagnosis, major arteries and veins of the body treatment at the bottom of this page came up and pulmonary! Blood moving throughout your body - tunica externa incredible system allows the blood supplies them with the systemic Transport. And cephalic veins viscera comes from pulmonary and cardiac veins nerves originate from the heart your lower and... Affects your popliteal vein somatic nervous system are the tunica intima, tunica Media, and sympathetic. 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The peripheral venous system and breathing your skin from cracking or bleeding for this especially rare type of vessels... The tibial nerve veins are an exception to this rule and tunica adventitia must complete many laps an! And prevention from the thorax, abdomen, close to the abdominal organs and. Rapidly at a racetrack, the blood, vessels, and spleen long! Blood all over the abdomen, and autonomic innervation to almost all structures. Those plexuses to diagnosis of heart and enters your arteries cephalic veins these valves are important! An exception to this rule cutaneous branch, the blood vessels are often named after either region! Quiz called arteries of the SVC include the: azygos venous system the! Artery, Originates by the dorsal venous network which gives rise to venous. Together with your heart where it can begin a new lap on systemic! Your arteries over 2000 years they form a closed loop, like a,. 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