The North Bihar Earthquake, 1934. Avalanches onMount Everest This earthquake caused manyavalanches on Mount Everest. Liquefaction record of the great 1934 earthquake predecessors from the north Bihar alluvial plains of India. As it was felt that what was needed after the Earthquake that the drainage of the sub-soil water should be properly guided the Tirthut Waterways Division came into being. It resulted in a huge death toll and caused extensive destruction to buildings and infrastructure both in the central-eastern Nepal and the adjacent parts of India. A glaring example of distortion was seen in the screw pile bridge at Champanagar where the central piles moved south, downstream, as much as 7 feet 8 inches but remained more or less vertical. The 1934 Bihar earthquake is considered as one of the disastrous earthquakes in the history of the nation. http://goo.gl/TLJKhQ http://bit.ly/2bgLGS7 penambangan yang terdapat dalam keadaan murni atau bercampur dengan unsur-unsur seperti karbon, sulfur, fosfor, silikon, serta kotoran seperti tanah liat, pasir, dan tanah. Seismological Research Letters, XX, 19. The human casualty in Monghyr was very severe. Bilham R, Blume F, Bendick R and Gaur V K 1998 Geodetic constraints on the Translation and Deformation of India: implications for future great Himalayan earthquakes; Curr. Seismic imaging of the main frontal thrust in Nepal reveals a shallow dcollement and blind thrusting. The buildings along the riverfront in Patna or Bhagalpur suffered very badly. 15 Feb, 2021, 11.19 PM IST. 3. The buildings of Darbhanga Raj, including the famous Navlakha Palace, were severely damaged. [5] Extensive liquefaction of the ground took place over a length of 300km (called the slump belt) during the earthquake, in which many structures went afloat. In Purnea the cast iron piles of a bridge between the civil lines and the railway station were broken. Journal of Earth System Science. Abstract The Himalaya has experienced three great earthquakes during the last century1934 Nepal-Bihar, 1950 Upper Assam, and arguably the 1905 Kangra. Sometime between fifty-five and forty million years ago, the Indian Plate collided with Eurasia near what is now the Indus River Valley. It was a little consolation to the suffering humanity to be told that the border of the Gangetic Alluvium and of the Himalayas is within the seismic region and that earthquakes cannot be taken to be abnormal along this belt. 34 L08304, doi:10.1029/2006GL029192. 46 10.1016/S0065-2687(03)46001-9. Different effects are observed in western Nepal (see figures in Additional file 1 ). The clock in the tower of the Secretariat stopped at 2.16 p.m. [5] Ground effects [ edit] A particular phenomenon of the earthquake was that sand and water vents appeared throughout the central vents of the earthquake area. Singh D D and Gupta H K 1980 Source dynamics of two great earthquakes of the Indian subcontinent; the Bihar- Nepal earthquake of January 15, 1934 and the Quetta earthquake of May 30, 1935; Bull. The 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake had a magnitude of 8.1 and caused 12,000 deaths in Nepal and India combined. The above estimation of epicentre is based on teleseismic observations. There is evidence that even larger events have occurred in the past, and geodetic and seismic monitoring show that stress is accumulating now. Springer, Singapore. The devastating quake of 8.3-magnitude on Richter scale that fateful day . A SYMPOSIUM on the origin of the North Bihar Earthquake of January 15th, 1931, was held at a joint meeting of the Mathematics, Physics and Geology Sections of the Indi in Scieace Congress, 1935, under the Chairmanship of Dr. Ii. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. This mountainous region is one of the most seismically active continental areas on earth. In Patna, many buildings in the bazaar were destroyed and damage was particularly severe along the river. Almost half of the bridges in the valley would be impassible, and 10 percent of all paved roads would have moderate damage, such as deep cracks or subsidence. The earthquake was so severe that in Kolkata, around 650 km (404 mi) from epicenter, many buildings were damaged and the tower of St. Paul's Cathedral collapsed. Rana, B. S. (2013). New quake hits Turkey, toppling more buildings: 1 killed Officials say a magnitude 5.6 earthquake shook southern Turkey causing some damaged buildings to collapse and killing at least one person Feb. 25, 2023, 9:00 AM ET (AP) Turkey launches investigation into 612 people after quake The BiharNepal Earthquake of 1934. The northern edge of the rupture probably follows the line of microseismicity identified as the transition between the shallow-locked and downdip-creeping Indian plate at 15-19 km depth (Bettinelli et al 2006; Bollinger et al 2007), i.e. Portland cement subjected to rigid tests replaced mud mortar. In 2016, floods affected over 2.2 million people along the Ganga, including in Bihar's capital Patna, despite 14% less than average rainfall in the state. It is certain that the loss of life would have been far more severe had not the main shock been preceded by two large foreshocks five hours before the main shock so that people went outdoors in alarm. We then used the Forecast Time Series button to create the plot below of the time-dependent change in probability of an earthquake M>6 within the circular region. Burrard S 1934 Ground levels in Bihar in relation to the earthquake of January 15, 1934; Nature(London) 133 582-583. Read John's blog. The ground around these sand fissures subsided, causing more damage. Using the above reasoning we constrain the 1934 western edge of the Nepal rupture to 85.5 +/- 0.2 degrees East and its western edge to 87.0 +/- 0.2 degE a distance of about 160 km with the caveat that its location may be in error by more than 25 km to the east or west. The Great Earthquake in Nepal (1934 A.D.). On Monday the 15th January 1934 Calcutta experienced an earthquake shock of fair intensity which lasted for over three minutes. Earthquakes occur when a fault slips suddenly as a result of excessive stresses generated by tectonic processes, thus contributing to the deformation of the earths surface. ISSN 1476-4687 (online) Reinforced concrete and reinforced brick work replaced the use of mud, mortar and lime. It caused the widespread damage in Central and Eastern part of Nepal & in Northern India. Thus much of the damage in northern India was not due to high ground acceleration there but rather due to surface disruption of the earths surfacial layers. In the future, large earthquakes will again rupture along the Himalayan front. The study reported that the recovery was faster . In H. J. Couchman (Ed. Res. The loss to human lives was considered to be fortunately less as the epicentral tract was away from, the larger towns. January 1934 at Bihar, Nepal with a magnitude Mw of 8.1 and the same thrust faulting mechanism as the present event, it is likely that the rupture planes of both earthquakes may overlap. Impact Summary; the locking line of Feldl and Bilham (2006). Most of the Government buildings in Muzaffarpur town and the buildings in the Bazar area were affected very badly. Paleoseismological evidence of surface faulting along the northeastern himalayan front, India: Timing, size, and spatial extent of great earthquakes. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Steven Ward is a Research Geophysicist at A.. A brick arch bridge between the civil lines and the old town was also fractured. Hayes et al. Surv. Geophysical Journal International, 159, 165206. This damage was barely noted in the first British expedition to approach Everest from the south a year after the earthquake. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4748-2_11, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-016-9554-z, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. generally referred to as the Chamoli earthquake. Sun 26 Apr 2015 04.56 EDT. Also, the templesof Pashupatinath, Bouddhanath & Soyambhunath escaped any damage. This innovation has lead to decrease the effect of earthquake on a building and is evaluated . Everest. Geodetic Branch Survey of India (p. 97). (2016). Jorganesh Press. The town of Madhepura had subsided and buildings had cracked. Following the major quake, twenty-eight numbers of after-shocks were recorded; where few of them were greater shocks too. Chen, W. P., & Molnar, P. (1977). Res. Faulting associated with large earthquakes and the average rate of deformation in Central and Eastern Asia. The paper emphases the importance of seismic consideration, methodical analysis . Gutenberg, B., & Richter, C. F. (1954). ), Survey of India geodetic report, 1936. Journal of Geophysical Research-Solid Earth, 115. It is officially estimated that the flood-affected area of Bihar has increased from 2.5 million hectares in 1954 to 7.3 million hectares in 2016. Kumar, S., Wesnousky, S. G., Rockwell, T. K., Ragona, D., Thakur, V. C., & Seitz, G. G. (2001). Active faulting south of the himalayan front: Establishing a new plate boundary. [7] In Jharia the earthquake led to further spread of underground fire. Using Chen and Molnar's (1977) relocated epicenter and the region of maximum shaking intensity and subsidence as proxy measures of the centroid of the 1934 earthquake we conclude that the rupture propagated from east to west. 4, pp. 3. Extensive damage was caused to life and property. Nandy D R, Choudhury A K, Chakraborty C and Narula P L 1993 Geological Survey of India, Bihar-Nepal earthquake, August 20, 1988; Spec. Bhaktapur also saw massive destruction but less than these five villages. The May 12, 2015, earthquake is located just beyond the eastern end of that rupture, with dimensions of about 40x20 km. 4. Large himalayan frontal thrust paleoearthquake at Khayarmara in Eastern Nepal. 73 1-391. The 2023 quake may end his rule. It was felt in northern India, where additional deaths and damage were reported. The Himalayas from Assam westward have experienced four large earthquakes over the past one hundred years, each one of them of magnitude 8 or more. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. This 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred on 15 January 1934 at around 2:13pm IST (08:43 UTC) and caused widespread damage in northern Bihar and in Nepal. It was the worst that ever occurred in that country. Its rupture length was estimated to be 1,200 miles. Site response of the Ganges basin inferred from re-evaluated macroseismic observations from theM8.1 Shillong 1897, M7.8 Kangra 1905 and 1934Nepal M 8.1 earthquakes. Geol. done in Zurich after a mining disaster in 1906 and an earthquake in Messina, Italy in 1908 (Stierlin, 1909 and 1911). Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. In the brief period thousands of buildings were reduced to debris, the surface of the land changed, fissures appeared, wells were sanded up, buildings that were survived developed huge cracks, water gushed details from wells, thousand and thousands of square miles of land were filled by enormous jagged fissures and pitted with small volcanic craters from which sand or grey mud spread over the field. Tilting and slumping of the houses were entirely absent. Himalayan earthquakes: A review of historical seismicity and early 21st century slip potential. Damages & Casualties were reported to be higher in Nepal than in India. Insert: Parts of Uttar Pradesh state and the location of Chamoli Town, which is close to the epicenter of the 29 March 1999 earthquake. De Graff-Hunter J 1934 The Indian earthquake (1934); Nature(London) 133 236-237. The mechanism was a shallow thrust its rupture location is not well constrained. Soc. ; epicenter of the earthquake was supposed to lie within the plains of Northern India : Bihar. 70(3) 757-773. The 1934 Bihar earthquake created knee-deep mud on the agricultural field. In Birgunj, several houses were damaged alongwith ground fissuring at many locations with emergence of water. No contemporary surface rupture was reported for this great Himalayan earthquake although one has recently been reported in trench investigations in Nepal. According to the National Centre for Seismology, the tremors measured 3.5 on the Richter scale and were felt around 9.23 pm. and extensive damages to buildings, roads, bridges, railway tracks and cultivation fields were caused. Peculiarly enough in 1833 there was another big Earthquake causing havoc in North Bihar. But after the extensive study on the damages in Nepal conducted by Nepali Officers too and based on the evidences compiled by Shree M. J Brahma Sumsher, later it was relocated within Nepal. Am. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Nepal Science, 307, 13021305. Copyright 2023 Devastating Disasters.com | Powered by, Bihar Earthquake India January 15, 1934. Wesnousky, S. G. (2020). Bettinelli P, Avouac J-P, Flouzat M, Jouanne F, Bollinger L, Willis P and Chitrakar G R 2006 Plate motion of India and interseismic strain in the Nepal Himalaya from GPS and DORIS measurements; J. Geod. Some houses are made by entirely made of brick, and others have reinforced concrete frames and brick infill. The Bihar Earthquake of 1934 C. D. Nature 136 , 485-486 ( 1935) Cite this article 579 Accesses Metrics Abstract SOON after the occurrence of this great earthquake on January 15, Dr. J. The Historic Nepal - Bihar earthquake measuring M 8.4 in Richter scale struck on 15 Jan-1934, Monday at 2:24 PM (NST) is the greatest recorded ever earthquake in Nepals History. The impact was reported to be felt in. Along the Terai belt, destruction was observed from the eastern border of Nepal documenting the mental health effects of natural and man-made disasters. 6 Celebs Who Lost Their Lives Under the Knife. Geophys. Hill districts of the epicentral zone of the 1934 earthquake tend to lose population, while Nepalese population dramatically increases in the foothills near the Indian border. Sukhija, B. S., M. N. Rao, D. V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushanam, Devender Kumar, B. V. Lakshmi and Pankaj Sharma, Palaeoliquefaction evidence of prehistoric large/great earthquakes in North Bihar, India, Currentn Science, 83(8) 1019-1025. However buildings built on Bedrock survived well than those built on unconsolidated sedimentary deposit available at most part of the valley. Seismic instruments of that period were adequate to measure the magnitudes and properties of earthquakes smaller than magnitude 6 or so, but were not sensitive to the longer wavelengths and periods of great earthquakes such as the Bihar event. Ambraseys N and Douglas J 2004 Magnitude calibration of north Indian earthquakes; Geophys. PNAS, 117, 1761517621. Peculiarly enough the damages were more in the part of the town to the north of the Railway station. Will The Chinese Spy Balloon Start a War With China? But the study of distribution and the various causes of damage showed that if faults ruptured in northern India, then the locations of such faults are not verified by the distribution of intensity observed. 117, S2, 773-782. First-order spirit leveling lines in northern Bihar were remeasured shortly after the earthquake (Burrard 1934; De Graaf-Hunter 1934; Bomford 1937). Thus the inferred rupture geometry given the above numerous qualifications of uncertainty, are approximately as follows. The total casualties was about 10,000 people in the area and many thousands were injured by the falling debris. John Rundle is a Distinguished Professor of Physics Wesnousky, S. G., Kumahara, Y., Nakata, T., Chamlagain, D., & Neupane, P. (2018). Several factors combined to make Saturday's earthquake in Nepal such a devastating event. This sea was gradually consumed through the subduction of the oceanic floor beneath Tibet. Bihar earthquake 1934 6,000 . To his credit Mr. Salim has more than 400 published articles on history, politics, culture and literature in English and Hindi. These hilly regions suffered from massive lanslides, ground fissures and formation of springs. Also, the strong emphasis on the destruction in India left the impression that epicenter of 1934 Bihar-Nepal earthquake laid not within the Himalaya but south of the range, in the plains of India. News from the country was available only next morning, showing that Patna, Monghyr and Jamalpur had suffered severely. Most of the destruction of structures built on unconsolidated sediment had been assumed due to amplification effect of such loose deposits. Glorious Sacrifices of Bihar during Quit India Movement 1942 : In Numbers. [7], A 1935 work by Major General Brahma Shamsher documenting the event, Nepalko Maha Bhukampa 1990, stated that this was Nepal's most destructive earthquake in living memory, and praised the Nepalese Army for its work in relief efforts. A preliminary report on the earthquake by Messrs. J. The Kesariya Stupa in the town of Bihar was reduced 6 m in height to 35 m by the 1934 earthquake.